AutoCAD

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GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is an open-source graphics program that allows for advanced creation and editing of graphics and photos. The software actually features four "glow" effects, one of which may be applied to photographs and three which can be applied to text or shapes as part of the logo creation process. All three effects allow for detailed control of the final appearance of the graphic.

Softglow

Softglow is a GIMP filter that gives photos a softly blurred, overexposed effect, similar to using a gel filter on a camera lens. You access it by dropping down the "Filters" menu and selecting "Artistic" and then "Softglow." By using sliders in the dialog box, you can alter the glow radius (how wide the halo effect spreads), the brightness (how much image highlights are brightened) and sharpness (how much detail is retained in the image).

Alien Glow

Alien Glow is a Script-Fu text effect that gives type a sinister green radioactive aura. You get to it by dropping down the "Files" menu, and then "Create," "Logos" and "Alien Glow." Type your text into the "Text" field in the dialog box. You can set the font size, the font itself, and the color of the glow by clicking on the corresponding buttons in the dialog box. You cannot set a different background color in this script; it is automatically set to black. When you click "Ok," GIMP generates the glowing text as a separate image.

Glowing Hot

Glowing Hot is another Script-Fu text effect, available in the "Logos" effect list. It uses red, orange and white colors to make type look like it's just been cast from molten metal. The Glowing Hot dialog box lets you set the size and font, as well as the background color (but not the foreground color). Once again, the molten type is generated as a separate image.

Neon

A fourth glowing text effect is Neon, a Script-Fu Logos option that makes type look like it's made from old-fashioned neon. The dialog box lets you set size and font, as well as both the glow color and the background color. You can also check the "Create shadow" box to make the type look like it's casting its own shadow.

By learning to create a reddening effect in the free image manipulation program GIMP, you can correct photos that are too green or blue. You can also create special color effects, like making a single red rose amid a sea of yellow or gray. GIMP offers several approaches for reddening your images. Many involve using layers and opacity, so understand these concepts well to get the results you want for projects that enhance an image's red colors.

Paintbrush With Reduced Opacity

One of the most intuitive ways of reddening a GIMP image is to paint over it with a red hue. Painting with full opacity, however, will completely blot out the image over which you're painting. For a subtler effect, reduce the opacity of the paintbrush. Load an image you want to redden into GIMP, and then click the tool palette's paintbrush icon. Drag the "Opacity" slider of the "Brush options" panel until it reads about 20 percent, and drag over the image to redden it.

Channels

For a stark red effect, remove the "Green" and "Blue" channels from a color photo, leaving only the "Red" channel in place. Try this by loading a photo into GIMP, and then clicking the "Window" menu's "Channels" item. Click the eye icons for the "Blue" and "Green" channels to turn these channels off. The image you loaded will appear flooded with red in a range of values.

Fill a Layer With Partial Opacity

You can use GIMP's layers, which are virtual transparencies, to redden any image without disturbing the original image. Load an image into GIMP, and then click the page icon of the "Layers" window to add a new layer. Drag the "Opacity" slider of the "Layers" window to about 20 percent, and then click the paint bucket icon from the tool palette to run the "Fill" tool. Click a red hue from the tool palette's upper color swatch, and click the canvas to fill the layer with a translucent red.

Hue/Saturation Command

GIMP's "Hue/Saturation" command lets you add a reddening effect with a few mouse actions. Load a photo into GIMP, and click the command just mentioned from the "Color" menu. Drag the "Hue" slider to the left to redden the picture.

AutoCAD is Autodesk's version of CAD, or computer aided design. Although the program can be used for three-dimensional design, AutoCAD is mostly used for two-dimensional drafting. AutoCAD uses a number of drawing tools, such as lines, rectangles, and circles to allow the designer to draft the five types of drawings--plan, section, elevation, isometric, and perspective.

Plan

Designers draft a plan on AutoCAD using drawing tools in combination with layers for control different types of drawing information. A plan is a horizontal cut through a structure to show the organization and placement of spaces or objects.

Section

A section is a vertical cut through a structure that shows the height and vertical placement of spaces and objects. A section is composed in AutoCAD with different layers or pen-types to create various widths and types of drafted line.

Elevation

An elevation is a drawing that shows the face of an object or structure. Like sections, elevations are depicted with varying line widths and types, based on layers or pens.

Isometric

An isometric drawing shows an object three-dimensionally from an angle above the object. Isometric drawings show accurate lengths, widths, and heights of the lines and elements that compose a structure, to scale. Isometric drawings are drafted on AutoCAD using lines and rectangles.

Perspective

A perspective is a drawing that shows how a space or object would look viewed three-dimensionally by the eye or a camera. A perspective is drafted in AutoCAD using lines that are pulled toward vanishing points on a horizon.

Many jobs require knowledge of AutoCAD because of this program's ability to produce the precision graphics that manufacturers need. Manufacturers use these graphics to construct the products and structures that people in developed areas depend on and enjoy. AutoCAD has largely replaced the manual tools that drafters formerly used to create graphics, while also providing new tools, including the ability to display photorealistic models of a structure.

Architects

Architects use AutoCAD to design structures that people occupy, such as houses, factories and stadiums, often using existing blueprints, floor plans and other design formats. Like other professionals who use AutoCAD, architects usually begin a project by learning the specifications of a proposed building from a client, such as a homebuyer or corporate real estate investor.

While recording these details, the architect will advise the client on a design's feasibility. The architect will form this advice from experience and training in the aesthetics, materials, zoning and safety codes essential to all architectural construction.

Once the architect has sufficient details to draft an initial design with, he or she will use AutoCAD to construct a 3-D model and multiviews meeting the client's specifications. He or she may draft several different designs that meet the client's initial and updated specifications, until the client approves a design.

Commercial and Industrial Designers

These professionals use AutoCAD to create designs for products and goods that consumers may buy. These goods include everything from stuffed animals to sports cars. The designer will use AutoCAD to translate a rough sketch from a supervisor into a digital 3-D model. The designer will use AutoCAD's dimensioning (i.e. measuring) tools, and may also use AutoCAD to make and apply simulated materials to the model and to present that model to the supervisor.

Civil Engineer

Civil engineers use AutoCAD to design the roads, sewage, water supply and other systems that a city needs to develop and maintain its infrastructure. Civil engineers typically use AutoCAD less than other AutoCAD-related jobs, due to the nature, variety and priorities of the job.

Civil engineers work with construction crews to ensure the crews are accurately implementing their design. They also work with survey and other crews who provide them with data about the environment in which construction workers will build their bridge, road, or other structure. In particular, an engineer designing a roadway must have accurate surveys of the terrain that the road will pass through, including the present topology of the land and the type of soil beneath it.

Once the engineer knows these and related factors, he or she calculates the tolerances (the acceptable numerical ranges that the dimensions of a manufactured component can take) associated with each part of the design. The engineer then enters these tolerances onto the design's blueprint in AutoCAD. For example, an engineer may write the diameter of a drainage pipe on a design as "11.2 inches, +/- 0.6 inches." The "+/- 0.6 inches" of this specification indicates to the crew that will manufacture the pipe that this structure can have a diameter between 10.6 and 11.8 inches.

AutoCAD is one of the the world's leading drafting software programs. It can produce both 2D and 3D drawings. Training in 3D AutoCAD is provided in a variety of ways and by a variety of providers

Autodesk Training

Autodesk have a number of Autodesk Training Centers. These provide Autodesk approved teaching materials and instructors. Most ATC's are part of an Autodesk Software Reseller. All of these courses are certified by Autodesk.

College Training

Many colleges provide training in 3D AutoCAD. This can be on a part time basis, a night school or as part of a full time course. Disciplines such as engineering and architecture include 3D CAD as part of the course syllabus. These have academic certification awarded at their conclusion.

Online Training

Many websites offer tutorials on using AutoCAD in 3D. Although many of these are free, some charge for access to the teaching materials. It is unlikely that at the conclusion of this type of training any certification will be provided.

AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) application that produces drawings with a series of mouse-clicked points to define lines and shapes. All versions of AutoCAD can draw points with a mouse, but drawing polygons from groups of points requires other drawing tools than the "Point" command. Unfortunately, AutoCAD does not provide a tool to automatically create polygons from points, so the polygons must be drawn manually. Before drawing the polygons, ensure the "object snap" and the "Node" selection settings are turned on by right-clicking over the "Object Snap" button in the lower right side of the screen and selecting "Settings."

Line

Type "Line" in the command line of AutoCAD to draw lines to connect the group of points. Click the endpoints of the line moving your mouse over the points; a circle with an "X" will appear when your mouse is over a point. AutoCAD lines are single, straight line segments and create polygons with editable edges. Press the "Enter" or "Return" key after each line segment to draw another line.

Polyline

Type "Pline" in the command line to draw a polyline. Polylines are continuous shapes that have multiple line segments. Click the endpoints of the polylines over the points with the mouse, and ensure the circle with an "X" appears over each point to place the polyline endpoint directly on the point. Type "C" in the command line to close the polyline and create a polygon.

Quadrilateral

Type "Rectangle" in the command line to create a quadrilateral for a group of four points. Click the first corner on a point and click the opposite corner on a point to create the rectangle. Select the rectangle with your mouse and drag the corner handles to the remaining points. Ensure the circle with an "X" appears when drawing and dragging the four points of the quadrilateral.

3D Polyline

Type "3dpoly" to create a polygon over points out of plane with AutoCAD's Cartesian grid. Click on the points as you did with the polyline tool, and the 3D polyline draws a polygon in three dimensions. Type "C" in the command line to close the 3D polyline polygon. Type "Orbit" in the command line to view the three-dimensional polygon.

1. Open up AutoCAD the way you normally would. Be sure to save any work before moving on to something new.

2. Create a new design drawing using the drawing tools. You can create layers if you wish, but know that they may not appear in the DXF format depending on the version of AutoCAD you use.

3. Know that older versions of AutoCAD don't support DXF. You need to have at least version 10 or higher to save drawings as DXF files. AutoCAD 2008 has almost made DXF obsolete with the file saving options it provides.

4. Save your drawing as a DWG file. This will enable you to go back to the original file if necessary so you can modify layers and blocks that might loose their attributes when saved as a DXF. To avoid this, keep the original DWG file and back it up so that if it becomes corrupted you have something to go back to.

5. Export your drawing to DXF format by using the "DXFOUT" command. This creates a copy of your drawing in DXF format.

6. Pass your drawing file along to the other user. Have the other user open the drawing using Microstation or whatever drafting software they use that reads DXF format. In AutoCAD you can import DXF files by using the "DXFIN" command.

1. Open up the AutoCAD software. Depending on your version of AutoCAD and operating system, simply choose "AutoCAD" from the "Start" menu or click on the shortcut.

2. Create a design drawing using the AutoCAD drawing tools. These can include "array," "offset," "line," "arc" and many dimensioning tools. You can also insert and explode "blocks."

3. Control the visual look of your drawing by managing the layers. You can freeze or thaw layers and turn layers on and off. For instance, putting all dimensions on their own "dimension" layer will enable you to plot only the object lines of the drawing.

4. Adjust model space and paper space so that your drawing is ready to plot. Think of model space as a limitless world in which to design and paper space as a window looking into that world that has your company's name and your initials printed at the lower corner of the window frame.

5. Save your drawing. AutoCAD's default format is DWG. It will automatically save your drawing as this type unless you specify otherwise. If others need to access your work, be sure that you save it in the proper version of AutoCAD for their needs.

1. Open the DWF viewer.

2. Select "Edit" from the menu or right-click on the DWF drawing you want to insert into AutoCAD.

3. Choose the "Copy Drawing" option if you are working with 2D material or "Copy Image" if you are copying a 3D drawing.

4. Open AutoCAD and use your mouse's right-click function to select "Paste."

5. Save your newly created AutoCAD file.

1. Open your AutoCAD program.

2. Select "DWFATTACH" from the "Insert" menu and select the file you want to import. The DWF attach command in the 2007 or newer versions of AutoCAD allows you to import single or multiple page DWF files.

3. Select the page or pages you want to import. Once imported you can't revise them, but you do have the ability to see the information as a layer in AutoCAD.

4. Decide the path type, scale, rotation and insertion point of the file. You can also select background colors and other coloring options to match your preferences.

5. Save your newly created AutoCAD file once the import is complete.